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37249 How to Take Smart Notes: One Simple Technique to Boost Writing, Learning and Thinking for Students, Academics and Nonfiction Book Writers Sönke Ahrens B06WVYW33Y 2021-03-16 https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81A0MWyFUeL._SY160.jpg 201

How to Take Smart Notes

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Highlights

This book aims to fill this gap by showing you how to efficiently turn your thoughts and discoveries into convincing written pieces and build up a treasure of smart and interconnected notes along the way. You can use this pool of notes not only to make writing easier and more fun for yourself, but also to learn for the long run and generate new ideas. But most of all, you can write every day in a way that brings your projects forward. — location: 130 ^ref-28408


Just having it all in your head is not enough, as getting it down on paper is the hard bit. — location: 155 ^ref-20841


productive writing is based on good note-taking. — location: 155 ^ref-36619


there is no measurable correlation between a high IQ and academic success — location: 163 ^ref-3134


a superior IQ will neither help you to distinguish yourself nor protect you from failure. — location: 165 ^ref-16064


how much self-discipline or self-control one uses to approach the tasks at hand — location: 167 ^ref-34902


The bad news is that we do not have this kind of control over ourselves. Self-discipline or self-control is not that easy to achieve with willpower alone. — location: 171 ^ref-57006


Every task that is interesting, meaningful and well-defined will be done, because there is no conflict between long- and short-term interests. — location: 179 ^ref-21610


“I never force myself to do anything I dont feel like. Whenever I am stuck, I do something else.” — location: 188 ^ref-57854


The challenge is to structure ones workflow in a way that insight and new ideas can become the driving forces that push us forward. — location: 208 ^ref-6739


Experts, on the other hand, would not even consider voluntarily giving up what has already proved to be rewarding and fun: learning in a way that generates real insight, is accumulative and sparks new ideas. — location: 213 ^ref-11316


Having read more does not automatically mean having more ideas. Especially in the beginning, it means having fewer ideas to work with, because you know that others have already thought of most of them. — location: 220 ^ref-62966


All that means is that a system is needed to keep track of the ever-increasing pool of information, which allows one to combine different ideas in an intelligent way with the aim of generating new ideas. — location: 224 ^ref-16439


those who are not very good at something tend to be overly confident, while those who have made an effort tend to underestimate their abilities. — location: 231 ^ref-15423


This is why high achievers who have had a taste of the vast amount of knowledge out there are likely to suffer from what psychologists call imposter syndrome, the feeling that you are not really up to the job, even though, of all people, they are (Clance and Imes 1978; Brems et al. 1994). — location: 236 ^ref-6812


“GTD” and that is for a good reason: It works. The principle of GTD is to collect everything that needs to be taken care of in one place and process it in a standardised way. — location: 274 ^ref-39069


Just amassing notes in one place would not lead to anything other than a mass of notes. — location: 320 ^ref-41956


The only thing that really is a nuisance is the lack of time.” — location: 351 ^ref-44522


“I only do what is easy. I only write when I immediately know how to do it. If I falter for a moment, I put the matter aside and do something else.” — location: 365 ^ref-7088


The problems arise when we set up our work in such an inflexible way that we cant adjust it when things change and become arrested in a process that seems to develop a life of its own. — location: 372 ^ref-53971


Luhmann was able to focus on the important things right in front of him, pick up quickly where he left off and stay in control of the process because the structure of his work allowed him to do this. If we work in an environment that is flexible enough to accommodate our work rhythm, we dont need to struggle with resistance. — location: 379 ^ref-41364


Studies on highly successful people have proven again and again that success is not the result of strong willpower and the ability to overcome resistance, but rather the result of smart working environments that — location: 381 ^ref-43935


He did not just copy ideas or quotes from the texts he read, but made a transition from one context to another. — location: 431 ^ref-10093


The trick is that he did not organise his notes by topic, but in the rather abstract way of giving them fixed numbers. — location: 435 ^ref-55774


Assemble notes and bring them into order, turn these notes into a draft, review it and you are done. — location: 485 ^ref-38460


Writing is, without dispute, the best facilitator for thinking, reading, learning, understanding and generating ideas we have. — location: 494 ^ref-16331


If you want to learn something for the long run, you have to write it down. — location: 496 ^ref-42543


“Notes on paper, or on a computer screen [...] do not make contemporary physics or other kinds of intellectual endeavour easier, they make it possible,” — location: 498 ^ref-12256


You have to externalise your ideas, you have to write. — location: 502 ^ref-5369


If we write, it is more likely that we understand what we read, remember what we learn and that our thoughts make sense. — location: 503 ^ref-60555


Thinking, reading, learning, understanding and generating ideas is the main work of everyone who studies, does research or writes. — location: 505 ^ref-28980


If you take your notes in a smart way, it will propel you forward. — location: 507 ^ref-8452


Always have something at hand to write with to capture every idea that pops into your mind. Dont worry too much about how you write it down or what you write it on. — location: 511 ^ref-56415


Put them into one place, which you define as your inbox, and process them later. — location: 513 ^ref-25857


If your thoughts are already sorted and you have the time, you can skip this step and write your idea directly down as a proper, permanent note for your slip-box. — location: 514 ^ref-1383


Make literature notes. — location: 516 ^ref-40574


Keep it very short, be extremely selective, and use your own words. Be — location: 518 ^ref-10906


Make permanent notes. — location: 520 ^ref-8455


The idea is not to collect, but to develop ideas, arguments and discussions. — location: 523 ^ref-718


Write exactly one note for each idea and write as if you were writing for someone else: Use full sentences, disclose your sources, make references and try to be as precise, clear and brief as possible. — location: 525 ^ref-21307


Develop your topics, questions and research projects bottom up from within the system. — location: 539 ^ref-62662


Read more to challenge and strengthen your arguments and change and develop your arguments according to the — location: 540 ^ref-23365


Just follow your interest and always take the path that promises the most insight. — location: 541 ^ref-43510


you will have developed ideas far enough to decide on a topic to write about. — location: 548 ^ref-29447


Gather what you encounter along your way and dont let any good idea go to waste. — location: 563 ^ref-10054


Imagine if we went through life learning only what we planned to learn or being explicitly taught. — location: 580 ^ref-55657


Each added bit of information, filtered only by our interest, is a contribution to our future understanding, thinking and writing. And the best ideas are usually the ones we havent anticipated anyway. — location: 581 ^ref-15124


NASA developed a fully functional gravity-independent pen, which pushes the ink onto the paper by means of compressed nitrogen. — location: 592 ^ref-1678


According to this story, the Russians faced the same problem. So they used pencils — location: 593 ^ref-6237


The slip-box follows the Russian model: Focus on the essentials, dont complicate things unnecessarily. — location: 593 ^ref-22660


That is why the slip-box is not introduced as another technique, but as a crucial element in an overarching workflow that is stripped of everything that could distract from what is important. — location: 611 ^ref-42014


zettelkasten.danielluedecke.de — location: 653 ^ref-5373


First, the task to write is given, then there is the challenge to find a topic or a specific angle on a problem, the research to do, starting with the collection of the relevant literature, followed by reading the material, processing it and coming to a conclusion. — location: 697 ^ref-47931


Studying does not prepare students for independent research. It is independent research. — location: 702 ^ref-34415


An idea kept private is as good as one you never had. — location: 705 ^ref-55754


And a fact no one can reproduce is no fact at all. — location: 706 ^ref-3408


Everything within the university aims at some kind of publication. — location: 711 ^ref-42538


It is public because in the discussion, it does not matter anymore what the author meant, only what is there in writing. — location: 715 ^ref-55809


If writing is the medium of research and studying nothing else than research, then there is no reason not to work as if nothing else counts than writing. — location: 719 ^ref-4692


Having a clear, tangible purpose when you attend a lecture, discussion or seminar will make you more engaged and sharpen your focus. — location: 729 ^ref-39883


You will become more focused on the most relevant aspects, knowing that you cannot write down everything. — location: 733 ^ref-2440


You will read in a more engaged way, because you cannot rephrase anything in your own words if you dont understand what it is about. — location: 734 ^ref-3965


you will elaborate on the meaning, — location: 735 ^ref-56729


Even if you decide never to write a single line of a manuscript, you will improve your reading, thinking and other intellectual skills just by doing everything as if nothing counts other than writing. — location: 738 ^ref-35684


self-reinforcing positive feedback loop. — location: 775 ^ref-39516


In the old system, the question is: Under which topic do I store this note? In the new system, the question is: In which context will I want to stumble upon it again? — location: 787 ^ref-39458


becomes more and more valuable the more it grows, instead of getting messy and confusing. — location: 794 ^ref-47327


The slip-box is designed to present you with ideas you have already forgotten, allowing your brain to — location: 797 ^ref-33208


focus on thinking instead of remembering. — location: 798 ^ref-28800


Fleeting notes, — location: 804 ^ref-51912


Permanent notes, — location: 806 ^ref-19781


Project notes, — location: 810 ^ref-37745


Just collecting unprocessed fleeting notes inevitably leads to chaos. — location: 831 ^ref-17797


benefit of note-taking decreases with the number of notes you keep. — location: 834 ^ref-43982


The more you learn and collect, the more beneficial your notes should become, the more ideas can mingle and give birth to new ones and the easier it should be to write an intelligent text with less effort. — location: 835 ^ref-29894


Fleeting notes are only useful if you review them within a day or so and turn them into proper notes you can use later. — location: 844 ^ref-63672


Permanent notes, on the other hand, are written in a way that can still be understood even when you have forgotten the context they are taken from. — location: 848 ^ref-65000


In contrast to the fleeting notes, every permanent note for the slip-box is elaborated enough to have the potential to become part of or inspire a final written piece, but that can not be decided on up front as their relevance depends on future thinking and developments. — location: 864 ^ref-45250


notes are no longer reminders of thoughts or ideas, but contain the actual thought or idea in written form. This is a crucial difference. — location: 866 ^ref-4670


It accompanies everything: We have to read with a pen in hand, develop ideas on paper and build up an ever-growing pool of externalised thoughts. — location: 929 ^ref-61961


We will not be guided by a blindly made-up plan picked from our unreliable brains, but by our interest, curiosity and intuition, which is formed and informed by the actual work of reading, thinking, discussing, writing and developing ideas — location: 930 ^ref-61887


every question that emerges out of our slip-box will naturally and handily come with material to work with. — location: 935 ^ref-3108


slip-box to see where clusters have built up, we not only see possible topics, but topics we have already worked on — location: 936 ^ref-35687


The things you are supposed to find in your head by brainstorming usually dont have their origins in there. Rather, they come from the outside: through reading, having discussions and listening to others, through all the things that could have been accompanied and often even would have been improved by writing. — location: 947 ^ref-48814


There is one reliable sign if you managed to structure your workflow according to the fact that writing is not a linear process, but a circular one: — location: 954 ^ref-21382


problem of finding a topic is replaced by the — location: 955 ^ref-32621


problem of having too many topics to write about. — location: 955 ^ref-38981


wrong attempt to rely heavily on the limitations of the brain, — location: 956 ^ref-25133


If you on the other hand develop your thinking in writing, open questions will become clearly visible and give you an abundance of possible topics to elaborate further in writing. — location: 957 ^ref-60850


And how can anyone be surprised that students feel overwhelmed with writing assignments when they are not taught how to turn months and years of reading, discussing and research into material they can really use? — location: 963 ^ref-1366


lower your expectations on quality and insight). — location: 968 ^ref-63303


Instead of spending your time worrying about finding the right topic, you will spend your time actually working on your already existing interests and doing what is necessary to make informed decisions reading, thinking and writing. — location: 975 ^ref-30059


you cant force insight into a preconceived direction anyway. — location: 978 ^ref-51637


Having been praised for what they are (talented and gifted) rather than for what they do, they tend to focus on keeping this impression intact, rather than exposing themselves to new challenges and the possibility of learning from failure. — location: 1015 ^ref-19272


To seek as many opportunities to learn as possible is the most reliable long-term growth strategy. — location: 1019 ^ref-41176


And if growth and success are not reasons enough, then maybe the fact that the fear of failure has the ugliest name of all phobias: Kakorrhaphiophobia. — location: 1019 ^ref-21548


The ability to express understanding in ones own words is a fundamental competency for everyone who writes — location: 1036 ^ref-42601


the better we become at it, the more effective our reading will become, the more we can read, the more we will learn. — location: 1039 ^ref-2955


According to a widely cited study, the constant interruption of emails and text messages cuts our productivity by about 40% — location: 1073 ^ref-17343


Trying to multitask fatigues us and decreases our ability to deal with more than one task. — location: 1104 ^ref-58235


We unfortunately tend to confuse familiarity with skill. — location: 1108 ^ref-28822


Writing a paper involves much more than just typing on the keyboard. It also means reading, understanding, reflecting, getting ideas, making connections, distinguishing terms, finding the right words, — location: 1113 ^ref-40064


structuring, organizing, editing, correcting and rewriting. All — location: 1114 ^ref-11238


focused attention something that requires willpower to sustain. — location: 1117 ^ref-21690


Focused attention is different from “sustained attention,” which we need to stay focused on one task for a longer period and is necessary to learn, understand or get something done. — location: 1124 ^ref-3919


We tend to call extremely slow writers, who always try to write as if for print, perfectionists. — location: 1154 ^ref-58296


While proofreading requires more focused attention, finding the right words during writing — location: 1156 ^ref-32675


It is also easier to focus on finding the right words if we dont have to think about the structure of the text at the same time, which is why a printed outline of the manuscript should be always in front of our eyes. — location: 1158 ^ref-57229


ideas. This suggests that successful problem solving may be a function of flexible strategy application in relation to task demands.” (Vartanian 2009, 57) — location: 1182 ^ref-13702


conundrum is that creative people need both … The key to creativity is being able to switch between a wide-open, playful mind and a narrow analytical frame.” — location: 1185 ^ref-17363


acquired intuition for which task will bring one closer to the finished manuscript and what is only a distraction. — location: 1213 ^ref-3752


gaining insight and making it public. — location: 1220 ^ref-54452


Experts, on the other hand, have internalised the necessary knowledge so they dont have to actively remember rules or think consciously about their choices. — location: 1238 ^ref-17273


They have acquired enough experience in various situations to be able to rely on their intuition to know what to do in which kind of situation. — location: 1240 ^ref-35098


gut feeling is not a mysterious force, but an incorporated history of experience. It is the sedimentation of deeply learned practice through numerous feedback loops on success or failure. — location: 1243 ^ref-38152


becoming a professional by acquiring the skills and experience to judge situations correctly and intuitively so you can chuck misleading study guides for good. — location: 1255 ^ref-15403


We can hold a maximum of seven things in our head at the same time, plus/minus two (Miller — location: 1264 ^ref-30035


Open tasks tend to occupy our short-term memory until they are done. — location: 1297 ^ref-24703


All we have to do is to write them down in a way that convinces us that it will be taken care of. — location: 1300 ^ref-42569


To be able to focus on the task at hand, we have to make sure other, unfinished tasks are not lingering in our head and wasting precious mental resources. — location: 1306 ^ref-4849


That is one of the main advantages of thinking in writing everything is externalised anyway. — location: 1317 ^ref-27037


focusing on them gives our brains the opportunity to deal with problems in a different, often surprisingly productive way. — location: 1320 ^ref-18231


Next to the attention that can only be directed at one thing at a time and the short-term memory that can only hold up to seven things at once, the third limited resource is motivation or willpower. — location: 1328 ^ref-38295


willpower is compared to muscles: a limited resource that depletes quickly and needs time to recover. — location: 1333 ^ref-19932


ego depletion to refer to a temporary reduction in the selfs capacity or willingness to engage in volitional action — location: 1334 ^ref-33093


The smartest way to deal with this kind of limitation is to cheat. Instead of forcing ourselves to do something we dont feel like doing, we need to find a way to make us feel like doing what moves our project further along. Doing the work that need to be done without having to apply too much willpower requires a technique, a ruse. — location: 1347 ^ref-35331


the theories, ideas and mental models in your head are also shaped by the things you read. — location: 1384 ^ref-19602


are part of a theory that isnt ours or written in a language we wouldnt use. This is why we have to translate them into our own language to prepare them to be embedded — location: 1396 ^ref-61411


while in easier cases it might be sufficient to just jot down some keywords. — location: 1410 ^ref-2857


The only thing that matters is that these notes provide the best possible support for the next step, the writing of the actual slip-box notes. — location: 1416 ^ref-30400


Sometimes the only thing that is done is underlining sentences and making some comments in the margins of a book, which is almost like taking no notes at all. — location: 1424 ^ref-14304


But all of this would be just an extra step before you do the only step that really counts, which is to take the permanent note that will add value to the actual slip-box. — location: 1430 ^ref-17691


Because students cant write fast enough to keep up with everything that is said in a lecture, they are forced to focus on the gist of what is being said, not the details. — location: 1441 ^ref-9375


Verbatim notes can be taken with almost no thinking, as if the words are taking a short cut from the ear to the hand, bypassing the brain. — location: 1447 ^ref-25018


We look around and just cut out dis-confirming facts without even noticing what we dont see, very much like the same city can one day be full of happy people and the other day full of miserable ones, depending on our mood. — location: 1466 ^ref-56232


It is so much easier to develop an interesting text from a lively discussion with a lot of pros and cons than from a collection of one-sided notes and seemingly fitting quotes. — location: 1515 ^ref-40178


Extracting the gist of a text or an idea and giving an account in writing is for academics what daily practice on the piano is for pianists: — location: 1526 ^ref-1787


The more often we do it and the more focused we are, the more virtuous we become. — location: 1527 ^ref-11011


Taking smart notes is the deliberate practice of these skills. Mere reading, underlining sentences and hoping to remember the content is not. — location: 1565 ^ref-53856


familiarity is not understanding, — location: 1586 ^ref-22486


If we dont try to verify our understanding during our studies, we will happily enjoy the feeling of getting smarter and more knowledgeable while in reality staying as dumb as we were. — location: 1587 ^ref-62191


helps us to increase our understanding of the world, — location: 1612 ^ref-14970


“The one who does the work does the learning,” writes Doyle (2008, 63). It is hard to believe, but in education that is still a revolutionary idea. — location: 1616 ^ref-26767


Instead of reviewing a text, you could just as well play a round of ping-pong. In fact, chances are it would help you more because exercise helps to transfer information into long-term memory (cf. Ratey 2008). — location: 1643 ^ref-11539


really thinking about the meaning of what we read, — location: 1650 ^ref-39775


Writing, taking notes and thinking about how ideas connect is exactly the kind of elaboration that is needed to learn. — location: 1661 ^ref-7809


Experienced academic readers usually read a text with questions in mind and try to relate it to other possible approaches, while inexperienced readers tend to adopt the question of a text and the frames of the argument and take it as a given. — location: 1673 ^ref-1288


Writing brief accounts on the main ideas of a text instead of collecting quotes. — location: 1683 ^ref-19357


to think hard about how they connect with other ideas from different contexts and could inform questions that are not already the questions of the author of the respective text. — location: 1684 ^ref-37194


We think about what they mean for other lines of thoughts, then we write this explicitly on paper and connect them literally with the other notes. — location: 1688 ^ref-10802


Do we have the references, facts and supporting sources at hand? — location: 1734 ^ref-5771


Any thought of a certain complexity requires writing. — location: 1738 ^ref-31563


Only in the written form can an argument be looked at with a certain distance literally. We need this distance to think about an argument — location: 1740 ^ref-54137


it is not possible to think systematically without writing — location: 1750 ^ref-8850


“No, no!” Feynman protested. “They arent a record of my thinking process. They are my thinking process. I actually did the work on the paper.” — location: 1754 ^ref-53223


Its working. You have to work on paper, and this is the paper.” — location: 1758 ^ref-4649


that real thinking requires some kind of externalization, especially in the form of writing. — location: 1764 ^ref-1693


Why did the aspects I wrote down catch my interest? — location: 1784 ^ref-27863


The ability to forget systematically to inhibit most irrelevant information from being remembered. — location: 1857 ^ref-33211


Storage strength and — location: 1863 ^ref-53470


retrieval strength — location: 1863 ^ref-32100


“cramming:” — location: 1873 ^ref-39308


Feynman diagrams are primarily tools to make understanding easier and his lectures are famous because they help students to really understand physics. — location: 1934 ^ref-46315


Because the slip-box is not intended to be an encyclopaedia, but a tool to think with, we dont need to worry about completeness. — location: 1988 ^ref-35233


We dont need to write anything down just to bridge a gap in a note sequence. We only write if it helps us with our own thinking. — location: 1989 ^ref-45901


But liberating our brains from the task of organizing the notes is the main reason we use the slip-box in the first place. — location: 2006 ^ref-8609


The organisation of the notes is in the network of references in the slip-box, so all we need from the index are entry points. A few wisely chosen notes are sufficient for each entry point. — location: 2010 ^ref-5634


Every consideration on the structure of a topic is just another consideration on a note bound to change and dependent on the development of our understanding. — location: 2020 ^ref-35399


archivist or a writer. — location: 2022 ^ref-53314


writer asks: In which circumstances will I want to stumble upon this note, even if I forget about it? It is a crucial difference. — location: 2023 ^ref-48101


Keywords should always be assigned with an eye towards the topics you are working on or interested in, — location: 2046 ^ref-10534


This is also why this process cannot be automated or delegated to a machine or program — location: 2047 ^ref-31441


Assigning keywords is much more than just a bureaucratic act. It is a crucial part of the thinking process, which often leads to a deeper elaboration of the note itself and the connection to other notes. — location: 2053 ^ref-2936


The first type of links are those on notes that are giving you the overview of a topic. — location: 2064 ^ref-29638


usually used as an entry point into a topic — location: 2065 ^ref-6153


being relevant for a topic and how we structure it will change over time. — location: 2072 ^ref-48329


All we have to do is to change the entry in the index to this new note and/or indicate on the old note that we now consider a new structure more — location: 2074 ^ref-50147


Therefore, working with the slip-box is disillusioning, but at the same time it increases the chance that we actually move forward in our thinking towards uncharted territory, instead of just feeling like we are moving forward. — location: 2115 ^ref-31364


contradictions, paradoxes or oppositions — location: 2127 ^ref-10990


am surprised how often the addition of one note leads to a correction, a complementation or an improvement of old ideas. — location: 2132 ^ref-37166


The slip-box constantly reminds us of information we have long forgotten and wouldnt remember otherwise so much so, we wouldnt even look for — location: 2145 ^ref-54457


Science and everyday life are in this regard not so different; both are intertwined. Scientific work is much more pragmatic and less determined by theory than outsiders would expect — location: 2157 ^ref-36244


The importance is to have not just a few, but a broad range of mental models in your head. Otherwise, you risk becoming too attached to one or two and see only what fits them. You would become the man with a hammer who sees nails everywhere — location: 2167 ^ref-24573


A truly wise person is not someone who knows everything, but someone who is able to make sense of things by drawing from an extended resource of interpretation schemes. — location: 2174 ^ref-54952


If we practice learning not as a pure accumulation of knowledge, but as an attempt to build up a latticework of theories and mental models to which information can stick, we enter a virtuous circle where learning facilitates learning. — location: 2184 ^ref-27787


Pay attention to what you want to remember. — location: 2197 ^ref-23326


Properly encode the information you want to keep. — location: 2199 ^ref-34961


“[C]reative people are better at recognizing relationships, making associations and connections and seeing things in an original way—seeing things that others cannot see“ — location: 2252 ^ref-64348


liberate them from their original context by means of abstraction — location: 2256 ^ref-30134


Abstraction is also the key to analyse and compare concepts, to make analogies and to combine ideas; this is especially true when it comes to interdisciplinary work — location: 2271 ^ref-6657


Creativity cannot be taught like a rule or approached like a plan. — location: 2277 ^ref-28712


The scientific revolution started with the standardization and controlling of experiments, which made them comparable and repeatable (cf. Shapin, 1996). Or — location: 2389 ^ref-63196


The biggest threat to creativity and scientific progress is therefore the opposite: a lack of structure and restrictions. — location: 2403 ^ref-35525


More people in a brainstorming group usually come up with less good ideas and restrict themselves inadvertently to a narrower range of topics — location: 2446 ^ref-35167


What, for example, are the conditions that will lead autonomous choice to enhance peoples motivation for new tasks? — location: 2531 ^ref-27882


I always work on different manuscripts at the same time. With this method, to work on different things simultaneously, I never encounter any mental blockages.” — location: 2571 ^ref-60158


If you encounter resistance or an opposing force, you should not push against it, but redirect it towards another productive goal. — location: 2573 ^ref-14764


every kind of work tends to fill the time we set aside for it, like air fills every corner of a room — location: 2625 ^ref-62436


Civilization advances by extending the number of important operations which we can perform without thinking about them.” — location: 2659 ^ref-16493


Learning, thinking and writing should not be about accumulating knowledge, but about becoming a different person with a different way of thinking. — location: 2707 ^ref-12397


The slip-box is as simple as it gets. Read with a pen in your hand, take smart notes and make connections between them. Ideas will come by themselves and your writing will develop from there. There is no need to start from scratch. Keep doing what you would do anyway: Read, think, write. Just take smart notes along the way. — location: 2722 ^ref-16291