518 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
518 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
file:: [507-Article_Text-1015-1-4-20230214_1686065886574_0.pdf](../assets/507-Article_Text-1015-1-4-20230214_1686065886574_0.pdf)
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file-path:: ../assets/507-Article_Text-1015-1-4-20230214_1686065886574_0.pdf
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- task scheduling assessments
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 1
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 647f5e8e-3620-4571-b9c1-f09220b15450
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- task scheduling technique
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 1
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 647f5e9f-2447-4500-bdcd-15b963b2979a
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- system can be simulated, and its underlying technical complexity reduced by increasing the abstraction level from which these systems are designed
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 1
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 647f5f7e-46e8-4897-867b-d3796ae03a83
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- Domain-Specific Language based on SimulateIoT is proposed for the design, code generation and simulation of IoT systems for the assessment of task-scheduling proposals
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 1
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 647f5f91-f7db-4897-8e7b-28ca17cab4aa
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- this computing layer is able to provide bet-4 ter QoS to specific IoT applications and users
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 647f6380-e364-4ff9-9931-7f9209dcecbb
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- delay-sensitive applications
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 647f6386-d7a2-48dc-84d6-b8dee26c420d
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- Cloud-to-Thing continuum17 paradigm emerges (Bittencourt et al. 2018).
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: blue
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id:: 647f639f-d3a0-4976-aa2b-1ad53459a2e1
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- services are decomposed into a set26 of tasks which have to be processed by the computing27 nodes of this federation
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 647f6468-b055-4af8-b64c-6701e058d6eb
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- avoiding the aforementioned costs in device49 acquisition, configuration, etc.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 647f64a0-95a6-4a45-9d57-648e15abd462
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- ncreasing the abstrac- 56 tion level from which the IoT systems are designed helps 57 to tackle the underlying technological complexity
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 647f64b7-a576-4fcd-93d3-6531a0a77dc1
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- SimulateIoT
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: blue
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id:: 647f64bd-99f0-4158-a681-ad89a16ef3df
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- SimulateIoT is 70 not able to simulate a suitably IoT infrastructure to test 71 task scheduling proposals
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 647f64d4-f72c-40d8-bcb1-eb48fe898756
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hl-stamp:: 1686070504651
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- simulator proposed
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: red
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id:: 647f64f9-eaf0-43b0-acff-2a0cf2c7c9fc
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- required infrastructure
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034ed-aab7-4368-9e59-4f331b9e80f7
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- ask 79 scheduling
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034f2-12b5-49ac-81d6-f73b39042e8e
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- deploy
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034f6-143f-44f6-b222-39970cab79e4
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- test
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034f8-447c-4a0d-965f-af46f41329a7
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- compare
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034fa-7477-46e8-b3bd-759a1420f88e
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- analyse
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648034fc-c2ce-46a2-b554-717cd292a457
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- task scheduling proposals
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 64803500-26b6-4415-89ee-f5ea449e3e8c
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- The main work contributions are the following:
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 2
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 6480352b-4a9e-4a09-9e56-952713e6db98
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hl-stamp:: 1686123861006
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- IoT simulators
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803a1a-ce8e-4a61-9317-e1cab016d14e
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- IoT systems with task scheduling features
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803a25-9a5d-486b-835e-d4c8537ea000
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- mathematical model, which could negatively impact52 the trustworthiness of the simulato
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803a8f-03a6-4f91-a4a9-c1499ca459e6
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- Besides, note that this sim- 69 ulator is based on a mathematical model, which could 70 negatively impact the trustworthiness of the simulator.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803ad6-c439-4a34-b326-7d06133d7642
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- which could negatively impact37 the trustworthiness of the simulator
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803adc-f075-4494-b954-4a39e1ff894a
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- WorkflowSim
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803b22-c6bd-4603-aebb-4bec15980286
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- WorkflowSim
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803b25-aa64-4899-8d67-fa091eaa398c
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- 1) The proposed simulator
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803b6c-2fa4-47ec-9d8d-a0ed587b9f53
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- The rest of the simula- 95 tors described above base their results on mathematical 96 models
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803c6b-b153-4456-b7df-b38219206c5b
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- a simulator
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: red
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id:: 64803ca7-c2f8-4bea-8280-2576c99242ea
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- current simulation needs
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 3
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803cbd-ce52-49ba-aaa7-a19990fdb8dc
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- the aim of this section is also to outline5 the new features added as part of this extension
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803cf1-82c0-442e-9250-a7242f22bda5
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- it is required to extend: 1)33 The Metamodel or Abstract Syntax (M2)
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803d32-deb0-46e8-83ec-32c052a928bf
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- 2) The Graphi-34 cal Concrete Syntax or the element that allows to graph-35 ically design models (M1) from the Metamodel (M2) and
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803d3a-1c81-45cc-8556-66909e2e0b80
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- 3) Model-to-Text Transformations (M2T), the element37 that carries out the code generation (M0) from models38(M1).
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803d3e-7801-4590-ad9f-3e71182500b9
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- fed-46 eration
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803d64-7cb4-4c8f-8c0d-0a1bf38b599e
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- exten- 61 sions in this communication (coloured in red)
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803da2-996f-4d95-98bd-62354ea415b2
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- previous version of the 63 simulator (coloured in blue)
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64803da6-179f-4cc8-a81e-6ff1b6df69c9
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- [:span]
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 5
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64803ddb-3a89-4f96-9e8e-5d6a6c7f33c3
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hl-type:: area
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hl-stamp:: 1686126040756
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- Task Processor
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 5
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64804108-1977-4b05-be71-27c9cafeb120
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- Furthermore, note that the Networking Node can also2 share the status of each link (current delay and avail-3 able bandwidth) with the Task Scheduler. In this way,4 the Task Scheduler can use this data for scheduling5 purposes.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480418a-b4e4-46e8-8268-c9882a9d0056
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- the resulting simulator allows users to simu-10 late suitable IoT systems where users can perform sev-11 eral tests and analyse their task scheduling proposals12 without the need for high investment in the acquisition13 of devices, their configuration, deployment, etc.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648041b9-7042-446a-a0cf-3bb0af70be3d
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- Before extending SimulateIoT towards the Cloud-17 to-Things continuum and towards task scheduling,18 it is first necessary to identify the main concepts19 of these systems
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480473e-61c8-497c-8078-84da74d6c222
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- In this regard, this section addresses these concepts24 in detail
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 6480474c-5f9b-4426-9661-7b3576c71f90
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- dependency
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804815-e8d3-47b4-95b8-ba8d9233548e
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- size
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64804838-ed30-4849-a098-7a51df981bfb
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- offloadSize which represent the size 58(bytes) of the data that have to be transmitted from the 59 source Task to the target Task
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804858-3a03-40a1-bd35-95bdc8ffd1c5
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- Note that the offloadSize attribute 62 represents the offload size (bytes) of the processing 63 results of a Task.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64804875-2d41-46c6-bea4-6f321bc3002d
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- Task Apps, which 71 can be deployed in the different nodes of the fog and 72 cloud layers.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804a87-ed97-4eca-aa27-69a78eec0200
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- limited to 80 consuming these resources and services.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 6
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804aab-2053-4ae3-b3fd-5f8960913c31
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- can help these layers in the provision of these6 services and resources to the rest of the system
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804ac3-2d4d-42cf-a261-2420a8bca499
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- they are able to provide better latency,11 request-response time, etc. This new paradigm is called12 Cloud-Edge computing
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64804ad6-f6c3-4ca7-8c9a-25e2f8c90710
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- ask scheduling is often applied to environments that28 have a Cloud-to-Things continuum infrastructure
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480b864-4d18-46c1-8f45-35a6adf121d5
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- SimulateIoT is a hybrid simula-41 tor/emulator of IoT systems
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480b88d-85ec-43e8-9c1f-74d7d2fdf7e2
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- configuring the network where49 simulations will be deployed could be a tedious, error-50 prone and costly task.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480b8ba-0e82-47ce-a1e8-7e0292a7978c
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- this component 73 is the most relevant, as it is where the simulator will 74 integrate users’ task scheduling proposals,
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480b8ef-d3ca-4804-b12d-b8092acb22c4
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- offloaded Tasks
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e0f5-d29f-49fa-8dfb-ffc0cba39d58
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- data
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e0fd-7915-4518-a727-d82efae991fd
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- between each node
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e102-10e5-4e09-97ca-6b81b2b4e057
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- ardware usage
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e10c-0a3b-45d6-b129-5f9e890a09e1
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- return of 95 the scheduled Tasks
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 7
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e116-131e-4246-b0f3-db94d7dd0821
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- 1) Metamodel or Abstract13 Syntax
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e2ae-4bb9-4782-bfa6-16e315c38b23
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- 2) Graphical Concrete Syntax
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6480e2b1-3dad-4090-9fff-815ea925dc80
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- 3) Model-to-14 Text Transformations (M2T)
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 6480e2b5-58da-4cf5-a34b-95a0e61bb1e8
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hl-stamp:: 1686168253876
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- model partially real-19 ity
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: red
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id:: 6480e2ec-6f8b-4dee-87de-456ccdb9869e
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- task scheduling32 capabilities and with a Cloud-to-Thing continuum infras-33 tructure
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 6480e320-6237-4872-a3bc-5a8a1da828fe
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- with enough expressiveness to define IoT systems with a36 Cloud-to-Thing continuum infrastructure and with task37 scheduling capabilities
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 6482f85b-4b1d-4115-967a-8dd0c999f404
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- section is divided into46 the domain-specific concepts identified in Section
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: red
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id:: 6482f883-5392-4735-be82-71e7b7d5338f
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- (classes and relations shown in Figure 4). In this re- 52 gard, note that this section does not aim to describe how 53 these components work internally, which is addressed 54 in Section 6, where M2T are presented. 55 Finally, note that in this section, to better describe 56 the elements of the metamodel, the numerical labels 57 shown in Figure 4 are used below as references in the 58 text. These references are used by means of the expres- 59 sion [class name] x , where x is the label associated 60 with the [class] in Figure 4.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 6482f8e7-e5b0-48de-a41e-8e18bc36c213
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- Task 74 will be generated
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 8
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64830213-e06f-4ee8-8fd3-b414a1fb2ea5
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- offload_size, to allow users to3 model the offload size of each Workflow_edge (data4 transmission between Workflow_nodes).
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 648334c7-8ec6-4e62-be49-0fab38b6de95
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- Task34 Apps that will be deployed on each fog or cloud node35 during the simulation
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6483353a-88a7-40e3-a07c-0c48fe181c1e
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- Networking 69 Node code of each modelled node
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6483381b-dff4-4a77-94d8-4c9e380a8992
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- Thus, the following lists 74 and describes the classes
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 6483383f-3bf0-4907-b16b-5cd306f481b5
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- . Thus, the following lists 74 and describes the classes and relationship
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: yellow
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id:: 64833845-6df3-4c5f-a0dd-2d406d504b8b
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- node federations
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 64833858-395f-4935-9a4a-0783f6afe4d7
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- Environment
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648338ad-586b-4013-83aa-22bff8e3bb58
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- Node
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648338b5-e0e0-4f37-8c06-f5f1cb4a3c50
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- Links that connect each node belonging 98 to the same federation
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 10
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648338f3-619c-459f-9842-62616fb4568e
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- SimulateIoT40 does not support the deployment of task scheduling41 approaches in its simulations as it does not have the42 required components for this purpose, such as compo-43 nents that generate tasks, process them, etc.
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 4
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hl-color:: purple
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id:: 64888589-7318-48ab-8159-167032dc703b
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- [:span]
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 5
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hl-color:: green
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id:: 648885ec-87a7-42e1-b844-d2f55727005a
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hl-type:: area
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hl-stamp:: 1686668778106
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- On the one hand, the scheduling is carried8 out in the fog or cloud layer by the Task Scheduler
|
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ls-type:: annotation
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hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 64888896-726e-4938-bcb5-8b6a26af438f
|
||
- component that belongs to the Entities that support10 task scheduling (
|
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ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 6488889c-a9e3-43d1-906d-6bd54d9780a8
|
||
- The CPU and RAM concepts have been included in17 SimulateIoT regarding the processing of Tasks
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 648888d5-c7d1-4424-b3cb-e0148ce982cb
|
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- that will be used when processing Tasks
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 648888df-89b2-414c-a15e-0b8339814f00
|
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- acting as a single entity rather than 28 isolated nodes
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 64888bc1-6144-4269-8b7a-0bab4f42b556
|
||
- Networking
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 64888bd3-99f2-4bbe-8fa6-edb7a85a7299
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686670318485
|
||
- Node
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 5
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 64888bd5-29ca-4e20-9198-2c42a931e39f
|
||
- Tasks by means of38 workflows that the nodes designed for these purposes39 will generate, offload, schedule or process.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 6
|
||
hl-color:: purple
|
||
id:: 64888dd3-28ed-443b-85a3-455becba92ff
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686670806117
|
||
- Task and workflow will be used as41 synonyms.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 6
|
||
hl-color:: purple
|
||
id:: 64888de2-ba77-4fd7-b15f-0ae75676edc7
|
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- This workflow represents a Tasks de-44 composed in four Tasks, Task A, Task B, Task C and45 Task D.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 6
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 64888f67-daaf-47ec-8ede-a20e8579dd8f
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686671212219
|
||
- Extensions of Model-to-text transfor-40 mations
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 12
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 648894cf-c51b-47d7-9cc7-3a5859c12ef8
|
||
- health-38 care, traffic safety and control (IoV) or industry (IIoT)
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 23
|
||
hl-color:: green
|
||
id:: 64889551-47dd-425c-82ed-171c2ef044c6
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686672724413
|
||
- predictive maintenance of electric 64 motors, as well as the suitability of the application of 65 IoT and task scheduling to achieve this purpose, it has 66 been considered appealing to show the application of 67 the proposed simulator in this context.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 23
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 648895a8-2048-405d-ab8a-9c8a5afbd768
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686672810203
|
||
- predicting the failure of 71 electric motors
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 23
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 648895b4-b153-476b-9506-928d675b2ac1
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686672825509
|
||
- i
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 23
|
||
hl-color:: red
|
||
id:: 64889622-3847-4351-a92c-d5366aff6c1c
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686672932818
|
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- ii) to generate configuration code to deploy all the20 generated services, such as the message brokers21 necessary, including the topic configurations de-22 fined, the gateway configurations, etc.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 26
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 648896a5-7b5e-4812-bc7e-a58ff156a535
|
||
hl-stamp:: 1686673068163
|
||
- Simulation analysis
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 26
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 648897a2-020c-4402-ad68-e65073f838ba
|
||
- based on51 a mathematical model, which could negatively impact52 the trustworthiness of the simulator.
|
||
ls-type:: annotation
|
||
hl-page:: 3
|
||
hl-color:: yellow
|
||
id:: 64889be0-aaf4-4ea3-ba07-f1dfee2378d0 |